Determination of the units of analysis is a key factor in social research. Preparing research design is an important stage in the process of conducting a research. 4.2.1 Research Design and Research Process Kumar (1999) stated that a research design is a procedural plan that is adopted by researchers to answer questions objectively, accurately, economically and with validity. But from the analytical point of view seven broad categories may be mentioned: Among all categories of experimental designs, after only design appears to be the simplest. Ideally, the researcher must show that the connection between the variables is held constant. It is an arrangement of the essential conditions for collection and analysis of data in a form that aims to combine relevance to research purpose with economy with a procedure.”, In the words of Ackoff “Design is the process of making decisions before the situation arises in which the decision has to be carried out. As part of the Essentials of Behavioral Science series, this book offers a thorough review of the most relevant topics in research design and methodology. Furthermore, it also indicates whether or not the variables of the research are to be manipulated or selected, what specific values of the manipulated or selected variables are to be utilized in the scientific investigation, how a conceptual variable can be converted into observable facts. Therefore, it is obvious that the diagnostic design is concerned with both the case as well as the treatment. GOOD RESEARCH REPORT BY ROHAN SONAR Research Report It is a major component of the research study without which the research task is assumed to be incomplete. For example, job satisfaction, educational achievement, individual production, restriction of birth rate and similar other effects are explainable on the basis of the influence of a number of related or unrelated facts and events. A traditional research design is a blueprint or detailed plan of how a research study is to If the first step in your … Research report is a medium to communicate research work with relevant people. The major evidence which become essential to determine the sequence of events is that a change occurs only after the activation of the independent variable. Kerlinger defines a research design as “the plan, structure and strategy of investigation purporting to answer research questions and control variance.”. But if there is any difference between before and after measurement, it represents the result of uncontrolled variables. Diagnostic studies seek immediate to timely solution of the causal elements. Fundamentally, it is a fact finding exercise which focuses on relatively far dimensions of a well defined entity, aiming at precise and systematic measurement of some dimensions of a phenomenon. Systematic characteristic of the research does not rule out creative thinking but it certainly does reject the use of guessing and intuition in arriving at conclusions. before- measurement, and after-measurement in respect of experimental group-I, after-measurement in experimental group-II, before and after measurements in respect of control group-I; and only after measurement in control group-II. Prohibited Content 3. However, on the whole, research findings largely depend on particular anticipated relationships. Otherwise the investigator will find it difficult to ensure the collection of required data in a systematic manner. The controlled variables are held constant or prevented from varying during the course of observation. The term ‘strategy’ is used in a more specific way than ‘plan’ and involves the methods and techniques for collection of data and their analyses so as to achieve the precise research objectives. The factors which affect the decisions on selection of topic in social sciences are : (i) The structure and state of a discipline, (iii) Other determinants like the availability of grants for particular themes, the popularity and prestige of the particular area ‘of research, public interest and motivation of the researcher etc., and. “The design of an experiment and its analysis are interrelated. The independent variable is the presumed cause. Suchman says that “A research design represents a compromise dictated by many practical considerations that go into social research. Research design is a framework of methods and techniques chosen by a researcher to combine various components of research in a reasonably logical manner so that the research problem is efficiently handled. It is also a good source of preservation of research work for the future reference. The research study that you plan to carry out should address relevant questions and should be designed either to add to existing knowledge about the subject or to develop methods for research into it. It involves the arrangement of conditions and observations in such a way that alternative answers to the questions taken up in the research are ruled out, containing a built in system of checks against all the factors that might affect the validity of the research outcome. Essentials of Research Design and Methodology contains practical information on how to design and conduct scientific research in the behavioral and social sciences. Major Components of Research Design in Research Methodology. It also enables us to demonstrate the association between two or variables. Usually a descriptive design involves detailed numerical descriptions, such as distribution of the population of a community by age, sex, caste or education. While proceeding in the path of research the researcher has to take help from the work already done by his predecessors. The control group is measured before as well as after without being exposed to the experimental variable. After a specific time period, the two groups are compared in terms of the ‘assumed effect’. Such cases invoke in the investigator the thinking regarding the formulation of the hypotheses. Utmost care is taken while taking decisions regarding the variables, nature of observation to be made in the field, the type of evidence to be collected and tools of data collection. Being concerned with the express characteristics and existing social problems, the diagnostic research design endeavors to find out relationship between express causes and also suggests ways and means for the solution. In order to establish causality, the social scientists take help of three types of evidence: association, direction and non-spuriousness. (v) After Only with Control Group Design: This is also known as two group-two study design, which is a modification of the four group-six study design. The research design components apply to all types of qualitative, deductive research, whether in the physical or social sciences. Since a social scientist is primarily interested in studying the relationship among some characteristics or properties of the observed units which are subject to variation over cases, over time or over both cases and time, it is necessary for a researcher to decide which variables should be the focus of research. Taking good advantage of the experience of the persons involves the following steps: Formulation of a correct exploratory design requires that the investigator should make proper selection of the respondents. It is a channel of communication between research findings and the readers of the report Types Technical report It gives emphasis on 3. 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